How to Cite
Abstract
Genetic modification techniques are now well established in agriculture (Brooks and Barfoot, 2009; James, 2010). The same extensive commercial application of genetic modification has not been seen in horticulture and floriculture, with the exception of the development of cut flower crops modified for novel flower colour. In this paper a review is provided of the potential applications of genetic modification in floriculture, illustrated with the example of the production of delphinidin-related anthocyanins in flowers of transgenic carnation and rose. Possible reasons for the lack of commercialisation of transgenic floricultural species are discussed.
References
Ahn B.J., Joung Y.H. and Kamo K. (2004). Transgenic plants of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum) with phosphinothricin resistance // J. Plant Biotech., 6: 9–13.
Aida R., Hirose Y., Kishimoto S. and Shibata M. (1999). Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Cyclamen persicum Mill. // Plant Sci., 148: 1–7.
Akutsu M., Ishizaki T. and Sato H. (2004). Transformation of the monocotyledonous Alstroemeria by Agrobacterium tumefaciens // Plant Cell Rep., 22: 561–568.
Belarmino M.M. and Mii M. (2000). Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of a phalaenopsis orchid // Plant Cell Rep., 19: 435–442.
Bi Y.-M., Cammue B.P.A., Goodwin P.H., et al. (1999). Resistance to Botrytis cinerea in scented geranium transformed with a gene encoding the antimicrobial protein Ace-AMP1 // Plant Cell Rep., 18: 835–840.
Boase M.R., Marshall G.B., Peters T.A. and Bendall M.J. (2002). Long-term expression of the gusA reporter gene in transgenic cyclamen produced from etiolated hypocotyl explants // Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult., 70: 27–39.
Boase M.R., Winefield C.S., Lill T.A. and Bendall M.J. (2004). Transgenic regal pelargonium that express the rolC gene from Agrobacterium rhizogenes exhibit a dwarf floral and vegetative phenotype // In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant, 40: 46–50.
Bradford K.J., Van Deynze A., Gutterson N., et al. (2005). Regulating transgenic crops sensibly: Lessons from plant breeding, biotechnology and genomics // Nature Biotechnol., 23: 439–444.
Brookes G. and Barfoot P. (2009). Global Impact of biotech crops: Income and Production effects. 1996–2007 AgBioForum, 12: 184–208.
Brugliera F., Linda D., Koes R., Tanaka Y. (2003). Genetic sequences having methyltransferase activity and uses therefor // PCT/AU03/00079.
Chandler S.F. (2003). Commercialization of genetically modified ornamental plants // J. Plant Biotech., 5: 69–77.
Chandler S.F. and Rosenthal J. (2007). Freedom to Commercialize Transgenic Plant Products: Regulatory and Intellectual Property Issues In: PUA E.C. (Ed.) Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, Springer-Verlag Berlin, vol. 61, p. 411–429.
Clark D.G., Loucas H., Shibuya K., et al. (2003). Biotechnology of floricultural crops-scientific questions and real world answers.p. 337–342. In: I.K. Vasil (ed.) Plant biotechnology 2002 and beyond. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
Courtney-Gutterson N., Napoli C., Lemieux C., et al. (1994). Modification of flower color in Florist's Chrysanthemum: production of a white-flowering variety through molecular genetics // Biotechnol., 12: 268–271.
Cui M.-L., Ezura H., Nishimura S., et al. (2004). A rapid Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Antirrhinum majus L. by using direct shoot regeneration from hypocotyl explants // Plant Sci., 166: 873– 879.
Davies K.M., Bloor S.J., Spiller G.B. and Deroles S.C. (1998). Production of yellow color in flowers: redirection of flavonoid biosynthesis in Petunia // Plant J., 13: 259–266.
de Jong J., Rademaker W. and Ohishi K. (1995). Agrobacterium — mediated transformation of chrysanthemum // Plant Tissue. Cult. Biotechnology, 1: 38–42.
Deroles S., Bradley J.M., Davis K.M., et al. (1995). Generation of novel patterns in Lisianthus flowers using an antisense chalcone synthase gene // Acta Hort., 420: 26–28.
Dohm A. (2003). Biotechnologies for Breeding/Genetic Transformation. In: Roberts, A.V., Debener, T. and Gudin, S., (eds.) Encyclopedia of rose science. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, p. 15– 25.
EC (2004). Commission regulation (EC) No 65/2004). of 14 January 2004 establishing a system for the development and assignment of unique identifiers for genetically modified organisms Official Journal of the European Union 16.1.2004 L 10/10.
Ellstrand N.C. (2003). Current knowledge of gene flow in plants: implications for transgene flow // Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B., 358: 1163–1170.
Elomaa P., Honkanen J., Puska R., et al. (1993). Agrobacterium-mediated transfer of antisense chalcone synthase cDNA to Gerbera hybrida inhibits flower pigmentation // Bio. Technol., 11: 508–511.
Firoozabady E., Moy Y., Tucker W., et al. (1995). Efficient transformation and regeneration of carnation cultivars using Agrobacterium // Mol. Breed., 1: 283–293.
Guterman I., Shalit M., Menda N., et al. (2002). Rose scent: genomics approach to discover novel floral fragrance-related genes // Plant Cell, 14: 2325– 2338.
Gutterson N. (1995). Anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and their application to flower colour modification through sense suppression // Hort. Sci., 30: 964–966.
Holton T.A., Brugliera F., Lester D., et al. (1993). Cloning and expression of cytochrome P450 genes controlling flower colour // Nature, 366: 276– 279.
Holton T.A., Cornish E.C. (1995). Genetics and biochemistry of anthocyanin biosynthesis // The Plant Cell, 7: 1071–1083.
Hoshi Y., Kondo M. and Kobayashi H. (2003). Transformation of Begonia semperflorens by using Agrobacterium // J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci, 72: 373.
Hoshi Y., Kondo M., Mori S., et al. (2004). Production of transgenic lily plants by Agrobacterium– mediated transformation // Plant Cell Rep., 22: 359– 364.
Horsch R.B., Fry J.E., Hoffmann N.L., et al. (1985). A simple and general method for transferring genes into plants // Science, 227: 1229–1231.
James C. (2010). A global overview of biotech (GM) crops.Adoption, impact and future prospects // GM Crops, 1: 1–5.
Kamo K., Blowers A., Smith F. and van Eck J. (1995). Stable transformation of Gladiolus by particle gun bombardment of cormels // Plant Sci., 110: 105– 111.
Katsumoto Y., Mizutani M., Fukui Y., et al. (2007). Engineering of the rose flavonoid biosynthetic pathway successfully generated blue-hued flowers accumulating delphinidin // Plant Cell Physiol., 48: 1589–1600.
Kim C.K., Chung J.D., Park S.H., et al. (2004). Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Rosa hybrida using the green fluorescent protein (GFP) // Plant Cell Tissue. Organ Cult., 78: 107– 111.
Kiyokawa S., Kikuchi Y., Kamada H. and Harada H. (2001). Transgenic Begonia. In: Y.P.S. Bajaj (ed). Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, vol. 48, p. 43–54. Transgenic crops III.
Kuehnle A.R., Chen F.C. and Jaynes J.M. (1993). Engineering bacterial blight resistance into Anthurium. Proceedings of the XVIIth Eucarpia Symposium "Creating Genetic Variations in Ornamentals", San Remo, Italy, p. 127–129.
Kuehnle A.R. and Sugii N. (1992). Transformation of Dendrobium orchid using particle bombardment of protocorms // Plant Cell Rep., 11: 484– 488.
Kushikawa S., Hoshino Y. and Mii M. (2001). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Saintpaulia ionantha // Wendl. Plant Sci., 161: 953–960.
Ledger S.E., Deroles S.C., Manson D.G., et al. (1997). Transformation of Lisianthus (Eustoma gradiflorum) // Plant Cell Rep., 16: 853–858.
Lee L. (1996). Turfgrass Biotechnology // Plant Science, 115: 1–8.
Lemieux C., Firoozabady E. and Robinson K. (1990). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of chrysanthemum. VII International Congress on Plant Tissue and Cell Culture, Amsterdam, p. 55.
Lewinsohn E., Shalit M., Gang D., et al. (2003). Functional genomics to isolate genes involved in fragrance production for genetic engineering of scent in flowers. In: I.K. Vasil (ed). Plant biotechnology 2002 and beyond, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, p. 329–332.
Li X., Gasic K., Cammue B., Broekaert W. and Korban S.S. (2003). Transgenic rose lines harboring an antimicrobial protein gene, Ace-AMP1, demonstrate enhanced resistance to powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa) // Planta, 218: 226–232.
Lu C., Chandler S.F., Mason J.G. and Brugliera F. (2002). Florigene flowers: from laboratory to market. In: I.K. Vasil (ed.). Plant biotechnology 2002 and beyond. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, p. 333–336.
Lu C., Nugent G., Wardley-Richardson T., Chandler S.F., et al. (1991). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) // BioTechnol., 9: 864–868.
Marchant R. (1998). Expression of a chitinase transgene in rose (Rosa hybrida L.) reduces development of blackspot disease (Diplocarpon rosae Wolf) // Mol. Breed., 4: 187–194.
Men S., Ming X., Wang Y., et al. (2003). Genetic transformation of two species of orchid by biolistic bombardment // Plant Cell Rep., 21: 592–598.
Mercuri A., De Benedetti L., Burchi G. and Schiva T. (2000). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of African violet // Plant Cell Tissue. Organ Cult., 60: 39–46.
Mol J., Cornish E., Mason J., Koes R. (1999). Novel coloured flowers // Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 10: 198–201.
Nagaraju V., Srinivas G.S.L. and Sita G.L. (1998). Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation in Gerbera hybrida // Curr. Sci., 74: 630–634.
Nakamura N., Fukuchi-Mizutani M., Suzuki K., et al. (2006). RNAi suppression of the anthocyanidin synthase gene in Torenia hybrida yields white flowers with higher frequency and better stability than antisense and sense suppression // Plant Biotechnology, 23: 13–17.
Orlikowska T. and Nowak E. (1997). Factors affecting transformation of gerbera // Acta Hort., 447: 619–621.
Raybould A. (2010). Reducing uncertainty in regulatory decision-making for transgenic crops. More ecological research or clearer environmental risk assessment? // GM Crops, 1: 1–7.
Shaw J-F., Chen H-H., Tsai M-F., et al. (2002). Extended flower longevity of Petunia hybrida plants transformed with boers, a mutated ERS gene of Brassica oleracea // Mol. Breed., 9: 211–216.
Sherman J.M., Moyer J.W. and Daub M.E. (1998a). A regeneration and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation system for genetically diverse chrysanthemum cultivars // J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 123: 189–194.
Sherman J.M., Moyer J.W. and Daub M.E. (1998b). Tomato spotted wilt virus resistance in chrysanthemum expressing the viral nucleocapsid gene // Plant Dis., 82: 407–414.
Shibata M. (2008). Importance of genetic transformation in ornamental plant breeding // Plant Biotechnology, 25: 3–8.
Soug F., Coutos-Thevenot P., Yean H., et al. (1996). Genetic transformation of roses, 2 examples: one on morphogenesis, the other on anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway // Acta Hort., 424 : 381–388.
Stein A.J. and Rodriguez-Cerezo E. (2009). The global pipeline of new GM crops: implications of asynchronous approval for international trade. EUR — Scientific and Technical research series — EUR 23486 EN, Joint Research Centre.
Suzuki K., Xue H., Tanaka Y., et al. (2000). Flower color modification of Torenia hybrida by cosupression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes // Mol. Breed., 6: 239–246.
Takatsu Y., Nishizawa Y., Hibi T. and Akutsu K. (1999). Transgenic chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum (Ramat) Kitamura) expressing a rice chitinase gene shows enhanced resistance to gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) // Sci. Hort., 82: 113– 123.
Tamura M., Togami J., Ishiguro K., et al. (2002). Regeneration of transformed verbena (Verbena × hybrida) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens // Plant Cell Rep., 21: 459–466.
Tanaka Y. (2006). Flower colour and cytochromes P450 // Phytochemistry Reviews, 5: 283– 291.
Tanaka T., Katsumoto Y., Brugliera F. and Mason J. (2005). Genetic engineering in floriculture // Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult., 80:1– 24.
Tanaka Y., Sasaki N., Ohmiya A. (2008). Plant pigments for coloration: Anthocyanins, betalains and carotenoids // Plant J., 54: 733–749.
Tanaka Y. and Chandler S.F. (2009). The long, winding genetic modification path to more colourful flowers; blue, red and yellow // Acta Hort., 836: 41– 48.
Terdich K. and Chandler S.F. (2009). Regulatory considerations for the approval of genetically modified carnations in Korea // Biosafety, 10; 72–83.
Tsuda S., Fukui Y., Nakamura N., et al. (2004). Flower color modification of Petunia hybrida commercial varieties by metabolic engineering // Plant Biotechnology, 21: 377–386.
van Altvorst A.-C., Koehorst H., Dejong J. and Dons H.J.M. (1996). Transgenic carnation plants obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of petal explants // Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult., 45: 169–173.
van der Salm T.P.M., van der Toorn C.J.G., Bouwer R., et al. (1997). Production of ROL gene transformed plants of Rosa hybrida L. and characterization of their rooting ability // Mol. Breed., 3: 39–47.
Warwick S.J., Beckie H. and Hall L.M. (2009). Gene Flow, invasiveness, and ecological impact of genetically modified crops // Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1168: 72–99.
Wilkinson M.J., Ford C.S. (2007). Estimating the potential for ecological harm from gene flow to crop wild relatives // Collect. Biosafety Rev., 3: 42– 63.
Yang J., Lee H.J., Shin D.H., et al. (1999). Genetic transformation of Cymbidium orchid by particle bombardment // Plant Cell Rep., 18: 978–984.
Yoshida K., Mori M., Kondo T. (2009). Blue flower color development by anthocyanins: from chemical structure to cell physiology // Natural Product Reports, 26: 884–915.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.