Keywords
vascular anatomy
symplicate zone
fruit wall
fruiting ovary
How to Cite
Abstract
Based on the suggestion that flower and fruit are integrally evolving structures, we aimed to reveal the floral traits persisting in the fruit structure in Iris pseudacorus, a widely distributed riparian species in Ukraine. We intended to compare the results with the other Iris species studied previously and reveal the constancy of micromorphological features of fruit interior structure. We revealed exomorphological and micromorphological peculiarities of the fruiting ovary using the model of vertical zonality of the gynoecium, vascular anatomy, and general anatomy of the fruit wall. In the fruiting ovary of I. pseudacorus, we revealed the presence of three vertical zones: short synascidiate zone, long symplicate zone bearing uniseriate seeds, and hemisymplicate zone located in the fruit beak. The vascular system of the ovary is composed of dorsal, septal, and ventral veins. Each of three dorsal veins divides radially into the outer tepal trace, stamen trace, and dorsal carpellary bundle, while each septal vein divides tangentially into three bundles of the inner tepal trace. Paired ventral veins enter the ovary from its bottom and supply ovules and seeds. The exocarp is composed of polygonal cells with thickened cellulose walls. The endocarp is uniseriate, unlignified, and composed of live prosenchymal cells, which are elongated tangentially. In the parenchymatous mesocarp, a great number of secretory canals with tannin-like content occur. The dehiscence of fruit on three valves proceeded by both dorsal and ventral slits. Dorsal slits are formed along dorsal grooves and provided by small-celled tissue surrounding the dorsal veins. The presence of ventral sutures of carpels in the symplicate zone of the ovary provides ventral dehiscence of fruit. Hence, the structure of the fruiting ovary in I. pseudacorus is comparable to that of other Iris species. Our investigation confirmed that the vertical zonality, placentation, and vascular system of the gynoecium in Iris can be appropriately estimated in the fruiting stage because the structural components of the ovary, which developed at the pre-anthetic phase, persist in the fruit.
References
Esau, K. (1977). Anatomy of seed plants, 2nd ed. Wiley and Sons.
Fomin, O.V., & Bordzilovskyi, Y.I. (1950). Family Iridaceae Lindl. In: M.I. Kotov, A.I. Barbarych (Eds.), Flora URSR, Vol. 3 (pp. 276–312). Academy of Sciences of UkrSSR (In Ukrainian)
Gaertner, H., & Schweingruber, F.H. (2013). Microscopic preparation techniques for plant stem analysis. Dr. Kessel Verlag https://www.researchgate.net/publication/253341899_Microscopic_Preparation_Techniques_for_Plant_Stem_Analysis
Gerwing, T.G., Thomson, H.M., Brouard-John, E.K., Kushneryk, K., Davies, M.M., Lawn, P., & Nelson, K.R. (2021). Observed dispersal of invasive yellow flag iris (Iris pseudacorus) through a saline marine environment and growth in a novel substrate, shell hash. Wetlands, 41, Article 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-021-01421-w
Goldblatt, P., Manning, J.C., & Rudall, P. (1998). Iridaceae. In: K. Kubitzki, H. Huber, P.J. Rudall, P.S. Stevens & T. Stützel (Eds.), The families and genera of vascular plants. III. Flowering plants: Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae) (pp. 295–333). Springer-Verlag.
Gritsenko, V.V. (2020). Morphological peculiarities of fruits of the rare species Iris halophila Pall, I. pumila L. and I. hungarica Waldst. et Kit. (Iridaceae Juss.) in the conditions of introduction in the meadow-steppe cultural phytocenosis. Plant Introduction, 85/86, 85–92. https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2020007
IUCN. (2022). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org/. Accessed on July 24, 2023.
Kovalchuk, A. (2009). Iris pseudacorus L. Image IDs # 273797, 273798, 273799. In: UkrBIN: Ukrainian Biodiversity Information Network (public project & web application). https://ukrbin.com/show_image.php?imageid=273797. Accessed on July 6, 2023.
Leinfellner, W. (1950). Der Bauplan des synkarpen Gynözeums. Oesterreichische botanische Zeitschrift, 97, 403–436. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01763317
Michalak, A., Krauze-Baranowska, M., Migas, P., Kawiak, A., Kokotkiewicz, A., & Królicka, A. (2021). Iris pseudacorus as an easily accessible source of antibacterial and cytotoxic compounds. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 195, Article 113863, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113863
Novikoff, A.V. & Odintsova, А. (2008). Some aspects of gynoecium morphology in three bromeliad species. Wulfenia, 15, 13–24.
Odintsova, A.V. (2022). Morphogenesis of fruit as a subject matter for the carpological studies. Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 79(3), 169–183. (In Ukrainian). https://doi.org/10.15407/ukrbotj79.03.169
Pradhan Mitra, P., & Loqué, D. (2014). Histochemical staining of Arabidopsis thaliana secondary cell wall elements. Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE, 87, Article e51381. https://doi.org/10.3791/51381
Rasmussen, F.N., Frederiksen, S., Johansen, B., Jorgensen, L.B., Petersen, G., & Seberg, O. (2006). Fleshy fruits in liliiflorous monocots. Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, 22(1), 135–147.
Rodionenko, G.I. (1961). Genus iris – Iris L.: questions of morphology, biology, evolution and systematics. Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. (In Russian)
Roth, I. (1977). Fruits of angiosperms. In: W. Zimmermann, S. Carlquist, P. Ozenda, & H.D. Wulff (Eds.), Encyclopedia of plant anatomy. Bd. 10. Teil 1 (pp. 1–675). G. Borntraeger.
Sennikov, A., Khassanov, F., Ortikov, E., Kurbonaliyeva, M., & Tojibaev, K.S. (2023). The genus Iris L. s.l. (Iridaceae) in the mountains of Central Asia biodiversity hotspot. Plant Diversity of Central Asia, 2(1), 1–104. http://doi.org/10.54981/PDCA/vol2_iss1/a1
Skrypec, C., & Odintsova, А. (2014). Anatomical structure of pericarp in Gladiolus imbricatus L. and Iris sibirica L. (Iridaceae Juss.). Modern Phytomorphology, 6, 257–258. (In Ukrainian)
Skrypec, C., & Odintsova, А. (2015). Fruit and seed morphology in Iris sibirica L. and Gladiolus imbricаtus L. in relation with the modes of dissemination. Biological Systems, 7(1), 93−96. (In Ukrainian)
Skrypec, K., & Odintsova, А. (2020). Morphogenesis of fruits in Gladiolus imbricatus and Iris sibirica (Iridaceae). Ukrainian Botanical Journal, 77(3), 210–224. https://doi.org/10.15407/ukrbotj77.03.210. (In Ukrainian)
Stoneburner, A.L., Meiman, P.J., Ocheltree, T.W., Nissen, S.J., & Bradfield, S.J. (2021). Simulated trampling by cattle negatively impacts invasive yellow-flag iris (Iris pseudacorus) when submerged. Invasive Plant Science and Management, 14(4), 232–239. https://doi.org/10.1017/inp.2021.28
Thadeo, M., Hampilos, K.E., & Stevenson, D.W. (2015). Anatomy of fleshy fruits in the monocots. American Journal of Botany, 102(11), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1500204
Van Tieghem, M.P. (1871). Recherches sur la structure du pistil et sur l’anatomie comparée de la fleur. Mémoires présentés par divers savants à l’Académie des sciences de l’Institut impérial de France, Séries 2, 21, 1–261.
Wilson, C.A. (2006). Patterns in evolution in characters that define Iris subgenera and sections. Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, 22(1), 425–433. https://doi.org/10.5642/aliso.20062201.34
Wilson, C.A. (2009). Phylogenetic relationships among the recognized series in Iris section Limniris. Systematic Botany, 34(2), 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364409788606316
Zhygalova, S.L. (2014). Yellow iris (Iris pseudacorus L.) in the flora of Ukraine: chorology. In: V.V. Konischuk (Ed.), Ecology of wetlands and peatlands (collection of scientific articles) (pp. 93–95). Interservis. (In Ukrainian)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.